City-ranking of European Medium-Sized Cities

By Rudolf Giffinger, Christian Fertner, Hans Kramar, E. Meijers. 2007

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The role of rankings in growing city competition (2010, background): “3: City sample and group rating (Source: Giffinger et al. 2007) The darker the colour the better the rating Of course, ranking approaches and their findings will have more public attention the more dissemination of relevant results is enforced.”
Smart cities ranking: an effective instrument for the positioning of cities? (2009, methodology): “The darker the colour the better the rating Source: Giffinger et al. 2007 Based on these definitions and methods smart cities are ranked according to their average value across all indicators.”