Variability of the ionosphere

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Modelling F2-layer seasonal trends and day-to-day variability driven by coupling with the lower atmosphere (2002, result): “For the quiet geomagnetic conditions assumed here, we @nd that the disturbances propagating upward from the lower atmosphere cause variations in F2-layer electron density of order 10–30%, compatible with the conclusions reached by Forbes et al. (2000) and Rishbeth and Mendillo (2001).”
Troposphere-Thermosphere Tidal Coupling as Measured by the SABER Instrument on TIMED during July-September, 2002 (2006, background): “At the same time, MLT tidal variability induced by tropospheric processes may have important impacts on ionospheric variability (Forbes et al., 2000), with interesting scientific and practical space weather (i.e., communications and navigation) implications.”
Impact of sudden stratospheric warmings on equatorial ionization anomaly (2010, background): “The estimated portion of ionospheric variability not accounted for by these drivers is typically ∼20% of the F‐region maximum electron density at daytime and ∼33% at night [i.e., Forbes et al., 2000; Rishbeth and Mendillo, 2001; Mendillo et al., 2002].”