Locust Phase Polyphenism: An Update

By Stephen J. Simpson, M. Pener. 2009

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Locusts and remote sensing: a review (2013, background): “longevity, morphology and molecular biology.(6) Out of 6,400 described grasshopper species of the family Acrididae in the world, only about a dozen exhibit pronounced behavioral and/or morphological differences between phases, and should be considered locusts.”
From Molecules to Management: Mechanisms and Consequences of Locust Phase Polyphenism (2017, methodology): “…landscape, vegetation type and land use may influence the likelihood of locust outbreaks and plagues are also considered in some more detail than in Pener and Simpson (2009) (Cease and Latchininsky) with the Central American Locust, Schistocerca piceifrons being used as a specific case study…”
Endocrine Control of Insect Polyphenism (2012, background): “As pointed out by Pener and Simpson (2009), the term aggregation pheromone may not entirely be correct, and due to its repellent effects on conspecific males they propose the term “rival male repelling pheromone.””
Locusts and grasshoppers: behavior, ecology, and biogeography (2011, background): “Only recently, significant advances were made in our understanding of L&G behavior and ecology, particularly individual and group movement, nutritional requirements, and biochemical mechanisms underlying the transformation between solitarious and gregarious locust phases [13–15]; see also review in ”