Dynamic measurements of three-dimensional scapular kinematics: a validation study.

By A. Karduna, P. McClure, L. Michener, B. Sennett. Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, 2001

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Anatomical and biomechanical mechanisms of subacromial impingement syndrome. (2003, background): “The assumption is made that motion of the clavicle at the sternoclavicular joint will be in direct relationship to scapular translation, because of the interposed rigid bone (clavicle) between these two joints and the lack of significant motion occurring at the acromioclavicular joint (Karduna et al”
Complete 3D kinematics of upper extremity functional tasks. (2008, methodology): “Using a cluster of markers on the acromion to represent the movements of the scapula is, therefore, justified, as this method is valid until approximately 1208 of elevation [17].”
Ambulatory measurement of shoulder and elbow kinematics through inertial and magnetic sensors (2008, background): “[11] showed that an electromagnetic sensor positioned on the skin over the acromion can measure scapula kinematics up to 120 of humeral elevation, with an accuracy suitable for clinical applications [13].”