The positive effects of silica fume on the permeability, swelling pressure and compressive strength of natural clay liners

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Utilization of red mud as a stabilization material for the preparation of clay liners (2006, background): “In the same way, the reason for increases in the wopt values of composite samples is due to the changed surface area of composite samples (Attom and Al-Sharif, 1998; Kalkan and Akbulut, 2004).”
Stabilisation of black cotton soil for subgrade application using fly ash geopolymer (2018, background): “8 6–14 Petry and Wohlgemuth (1987) 230–2600 39, 11, 36 4–7 Kennedy et al. (1987) 825–1175 25, 42, 37 3–9 Bhattacharaj and Bhatty (2003) 841–188 50 3–19 Thyagaraj, Rao Sudhakar, Suresh, and Salini (2012) 900 19–41 3–5 Christensen (1969) 250–1500 54.”
Modification of clayey soils using scrap tire rubber and synthetic fibers (2007, background): “…fabricated, and by-product materials to use them as stabilizers for the modification of clayey soils (Aitcin et al., 1984; Sandra and Jeffrey, 1992; Kayabali, 1997; Asavasipit et al., 2001; Prabakar et al., 2003; Kalkan and Akbulut, 2004; Akbulut et al., 2004; Cetin et al., 2006; Kalkan, 2006).”
Modification of the geotechnical properties, as influenced by freeze–thaw, of granular soils with waste additives (2007, result): “Similar trends have been obtained from some experimental works by adding lime (Ola, 1977; Bell, 1993), cement kiln dust (Miller and Azad, 2000), silica fume (Kalkan and Akbulut, 2004), marble dust (Okagbue and Onyeobi, 1999).”