What is Cervical Cancer

By Uma Pandey. 2017

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J Gynecol Women’s Health 2(5): JGWH.MS.ID.555599 (2017) Introduction Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers It is a cancer found in the cells of the cervix (The cervix is the lower part or ‘neck’ of the uterus where it joins the inner end of the vagina). Epidemiology Second most common cancer among women worldwide, next only to breast cancer. Every year cervical cancer is diagnosed in about 500,000 women globally and is responsible for more than 280,000 deaths annually. Wide variation in the incidence of cervical cancer across the globe.80% of cases occurs in developing countries, like India (reports one fourth of cervical cancer each year). In India the commonest cancer among women. Cancer breast is the leading cancer among females as reported in registries from Mumbai, Delhi and Bangalore while in rest of registries, cancer cervix is the leading cancer followed by breast cancer [1-3]. India has the largest burden of cervical cancer patients in the world. 1 woman dies of cervical cancer every 8 minutes in India. Every year in India, 122,844 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer and 67,477 die from the disease.ICO Information Centre on HPV and cancer (Summary Report 2014-08-22). HPV and Related Diseases in India 2014 [4]. Peak age of incidence is 55-59 years although bimodal. Most of the women report in the late stage of disease.5-year survival rate of Cervical Cancer is 67.5%.80% of the cervical cancers can be prevented by HPV vaccine and smears. Risk Factors a. Sexual historyyoung age at first intercourse (<16 years), b. multiple sexual partners c. Cigarette smoking d. High parity e. Low socio-economic status f. Poor genital hygiene g. Chronic immune suppression (HIV). Pathogenesis The process of carcinogenesis starts at the ‘transformation zone’ (TZ). a. Ectocervix: pink stratified squamous epithelium b. Endocervix: single layer of tall columnar epithelium with reddish hue. Point at which columnar and squamous epithelium meet is original squamo columnar junction. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Infection with HPV a. Cause of 90% of cervical cancer. b. initiating event in cervical dysplasia and carcinogenesis HPV subtypes a. High oncogenic riskTypes 16 & 18, found in up to 62% of cervical carcinomas. b. Low oncogenic riskTypes 6,11. Symptoms Vaginal bleeding Most common symptom a. Postcoital bleeding b. Irregular or postmenopausal bleeding c. Offensive vaginal discharge d. Pelvic pain

Subfields: Epidemiology

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In Epidemiology

  1. R. Siegel
  2. A. Jemal
  3. Elizabeth E. Ward
  4. A. Moscicki
  5. Mark Schiffman
  6. M. Stanley

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