Interaction between direct penetration and disturbance dynamo electric fields in the storm‐time equatorial ionosphere

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Equatorial Ionospheric Electric Fields During the November 2004 Magnetic Storm (2007, unknown): “Maruyama et al. [2005] have pointed out the importance of a feedback between prompt penetration and disturbance dynamo electric fields, and Huang et al. [2005] suggested that, the interplanetary electric field can continuously penetrate to the low latitude ionosphere without shielding during storm ”
Prompt penetration electric fields (PPEFs) and their ionospheric effects during the great magnetic storm of 30-31 October 2003 (2008, methodology): “The effects of PPEFs have been modeled by Maruyama et al. [2005] and Huba et al. [2005].”
Observations and simulations of the ionospheric and thermospheric response to the December 2006 geomagnetic storm : Initial phase (2007, background): “Maruyama et al. [2005] described the complex manner in which direct penetration and wind-dynamo electric fields can interact.”