Improved Ionospheric Electrodynamic Models and Application to Calculating Joule Heating Rates

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Development of large‐scale Birkeland currents determined from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (2014, methodology): “This basic pattern has been derived statistically from several data sets [Papitashvili et al., 2002; Weimer, 2005; Anderson et al., 2008; He et al., 2012].”
Climatological patterns of high-latitude convection in the Northern and Southern hemispheres: Dipole tilt dependencies and interhemispheric comparisons (2010, methodology): “…sets including those from polar orbiting spacecraft such as OGO 6 [Heppner, 1977; Heppner and Maynard, 1987], AE and DE 2 [Lu et al., 1989], DE 2 [Weimer, 1995, 1996, 2001, 2005], and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) [Rich and Hairston, 1994; Boyle et al., 1997; Papitashvili and…”
Development and Validation of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model With Thermosphere and Ionosphere Extension (WACCM‐X 2.0) (2018, methodology): “These include the Weimer (2005) empirical model driven by observed upstream IMF conditions, as well as data assimilative schemes such as the Assimilative Mapping of Ionosphere Electrodynamics (AMIE) procedure (Richmond & Kamide, 1988).”