Horizontal orientation of linear-shaped organic molecules having bulky substituents in neat and doped vacuum-deposited amorphous films

By D. Yokoyama, A. Sakaguchi, Michio Suzuki, Chihaya Adachi. 2009

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Device efficiency of organic light‐emitting diodes: Progress by improved light outcoupling (2013, background): “This material has already been known to exhibit non-isotropic orientation in neat evaporated films [107], but interestingly it preserves this feature even when it is doped into a CBP matrix [105].”
Recent advances in light outcoupling from white organic light-emitting diodes (2015, background): “, who showed that linear-shaped organic molecules with suitable substituents can spontaneously align within a neat thin film deposited by thermal evaporation in high vacuum.(76) Yokoyama also hypothesized that this alignment could yield substantial efficiency improvements in state-of-the-art small m”
Increased light outcoupling efficiency in dye-doped small molecule organic light-emitting diodes with horizontally oriented emitters (2011, methodology): “Organic semiconductor films generally show optical anisotropy only if the molecular shape is anisotropic as well [24,25].”