Delegated Monitors, Large and Small: Germany's Banking System, 1800-1914

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Electoral Cycles in Savings Bank Lending (2017, unknown): “…to similar commercial databases such as Bankscope, are the ample dimensions (both cross-sectionally and intertemporally) the sample provides: It covers virtually all savings banks and a large fraction of cooperative banks that operated in Germany between 1987 and 2009.14 Our data covers a…”
Interbank Tiering and Money Center Banks (2010, unknown): “Moreover, the tiered network structure we identi ed predates subsequent legal developments: Guinnane (2002) describes how the regional head institutions arose to provide much-needed intermediation and payment services to the regionally dispersed credit unions and savings banks in the 19th century,…”
Microcredit Under the Microscope: What Have We Learned in the Past Two Decades, and What Do We Need to Know? (2013, background): “There have also been many attempts throughout history to set up institutions for directly supplying credit to the poor (Guinnane 1994, 2002).”
Market Facilitation by Local Government and Firm Efficiency: Evidence from China (2013, background): “For example, credit cooperatives in Germany in the 19th century harnessed local information flows by inducing members who knew each other well to monitor each other’s borrowing to incentivize repayment (Guinnane, 1997, 2001, 2002).”