Preparation and characterization of cationic nanofibrillated cellulose from etherification and high-shear disintegration processes

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Nanofibrillation of pulp fibers by twin-screw extrusion (2015, unknown): “The amorphous portion in cellulose generally increases upon degradation (Ho et al. 2011).”
Processing of wood-based microfibrillated cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose, and applications relating to papermaking: a review (2016, methodology): “Hoeger et al. (2013) used enzymatic pretreatment (cellulase) combined with stone grinding using a Super-mass-colloider.”
Advances in cellulose nanomaterials (2018, background): “Cationic nanofibrillated cellulose was also produced by Ho et al. (2011).”
Recent Strategies in Preparation of Cellulose Nanocrystals and Cellulose Nanofibrils Derived from Raw Cellulose Materials (2018, unknown): “This method has been used for preparation of CNFs combination with following mechanical disintegration: (2,3epoxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride [89, 226, 227], (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride [228], and (2-hydrazinyl-2-oxoethyl)-trimethylazanium chloride [162] were commonly used as ca”