Geometrically necessary dislocation and size-dependent plasticity

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Combining Gradient Structure and TRIP Effect to Produce Austenite Stainless Steel with High Strength and Ductility (2016, background): “Strain partitioning causes strain gradient at phase boundaries, which is accommodated by geometrically necessary dislocations [25,26] and consequently enhances strain hardening [27].”
Quantification of the effect of transformation-induced geometrically necessary dislocations on the flow-curve modelling of dual-phase steels (2013, background): “Abu Al-Rub and Voyiadjis (2004) proposed a length-scale parameter considering SSDs, GNDs, grain size, precipitation distribution, Schmidt’s orientation factor, etc. Micromechanical modelling within the framework of crystal plasticity can be used to simulate the mechanical response of materials (Anan”
Synergetic Strengthening by Gradient Structure (2014, neutral): “[28–30] Second, it leads to tensile”
Overview of constitutive laws, kinematics, homogenization and multiscale methods in crystal plasticity finite-element modeling: Theory, experiments, applications (2010, background): “Beyond the grain size effect different types of micro-scale experiments (torsion, bending, indentation) have also revealed a length-scale dependence of the flow stress [232].”
Size effects in nanoindentation: an experimental and analytical study (2010, neutral): “In general SSDs are related to equivalent plastic strain and GNDs are related to strain gradients.”