Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future
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The Solid-Electrolyte-Interphase (SEI) model for non-aqueous alkali-metal batteries constitutes a paradigm change in the under- standing of lithium batteries and has thus enabled the development of safer, durable, higher-power and lower-cost lithium batteries for portable and EV applications. Prior to the publication of the SEI model (1979), researchers used the Butler-Volmer equation, in which a direct electron transfer from the electrode to lithium cations in the solution is assumed. The SEI model proved that this is a mistaken concept and that, in practice, the transfer of electrons from the electrode to the solution in a lithium battery, must be prevented, since it will result in fast self-discharge of the active materials and poor battery performance. This model provides [E. Peled, in “Lithium Batteries,” J.P. Gabano (ed), Academic Press, (1983), E. Peled, J. Electrochem. Soc. , 126 , 2047 (1979).] new equations for: electrode kinetics (i o and b), anode corrosion, SEI resistivity and growth rate and irreversible capacity loss of lithium-ion batteries. This model became a cornerstone in the science and technology of lithium batteries. This paper reviews the past, present and the future of SEI batteries. Attribution with the exception of exfoliating the graphite during unstable SEI formation. improved anode SEI formation by using methyl vinyl sulfone (MVS) and ethyl vinyl sulfone (EVS) additives in PC. These additives decomposed on graphite and built protective SEI layers before PC could intercalate and react because MVS and EVS have 1.3 eV and 1.2 eV lower LUMO energies, respectively, than does PC. no significant influence on anode behavior. However, a 15-minute treat- ment at 1000 ◦ C with CO 2 and at 420 ◦ C with O 2 bring about significant reductions in irreversible capacity. It was concluded that a nano-rough morphology of the prismatic surfaces offers favorable an-choring/nucleation sites for SEI formation. These data support our suggestion of the chemically bonded SEI. Graphite-surface modification by sialylation in non-aqueous solution has been examined by the same research group. 128 Best results were obtained when pre-oxidized graphites were silylated in a mixture of hexamethyldisilazane and trimethylchlorosilane. mA/cm Na/Na differences related to an enhanced interfacial resistance (Rct + R SEI ) of sodium-metal SEI, as deduced from impedance measurements. The surface morphology of the Li- and Na-metal electrodes was investigated by scanning elec- tron microscopy (SEM) with pristine Li and Na electrodes and after the electrolytes at OCV for 24 hours, by which time a thin and smooth SEI crack and no protruding was for the Li-metal electrode, while the surface of the Na-metal appeared to be more rough. Impedance measurements were before and after CV in order to obtain more information about the potential resistivity differences between the systems studied. using VC and FEC as performance-improving additives for nano-particulate SnO 2 film anodes. During the first discharging cycle of SnO 2 anodes, metallic tin and lithium oxide are formed and are responsible for Qir. Subsequent charging and discharging correlate to lithiation/delithiation reaction in a kind of alloying/dealloying of tin. The study showed the existence of a high surface reactivity of nanoparticulate SnO 2 electrodes leading to the formation of a significant amount of oxidized carbon surface species, mainly Li 2 CO 3 , already at the initial cycling. This ir- reversible consumption of lithium for SEI forming is the main reason for low coulombic efficiencies. The high surface reactivity of SnO 2 leads to preferred decomposition of the main electrolyte components, EC and DMC. This complicates the identification of VC-related SEI species via XPS. Despite this, the FEC additive could better influence the SEI composition, resulting in further improvement of the cycling properties as compared to those of the pure LiTFSI or LiTFSI + VC electrolytes. 161
Subfields: Automotive Engineering, Electrical and Electronic Engineering
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/f926368c58eea02ef08e0c2384f3aac51e20e371
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Citations in the corpus
- A compact inorganic layer for robust anode protection in lithium‐sulfur batteries (2020, background): “Generally, SEI on Li anode composes of both inorganic and organic species, as it is the result of the decomposition of both Li salts and organic solvents.(16) SEI can be divided into two layers according to dominant components at different depths.”
- Cathode-Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium Batteries Revealed by Cryogenic Electron Microscopy (2020, background): “These so-called solid-electrolyte interphases (SEI) influence the insertion of Li from the solvated phase into the solid phase and constitute the rate-limiting step for lithiation of most electrode materials.(1) Given the importance of these interphases to the battery performance, there has been ext”
- Dynamic Structure and Chemistry of the Silicon Solid-Electrolyte Interphase Visualized by Cryogenic Electron Microscopy (2019, background): “The SEI arises from the electrochemical reduction of electrolyte molecules at the low potentials of the anode and is critical to battery operation, as it kinetically stabilizes the electrolyte against the low potentials at the anode andmediates Li-ion transport between the electrolyte and electrode.”