Unusual stable isotope fractionation patterns observed for fish host-parasite trophic relationships

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Parasites in food webs: the ultimate missing links (2008, background): “Although predators are almost always 15N-enriched compared with their prey, parasites (Table 1) are sometimes 15N-depleted compared with their hosts (Pinnegar et al. 2001).”
Stable isotopes from multiple tissues reveal diet switching in sharks (2005, background): “…about the trophic ecology of many animals, stomach content analysis has been criticized for the ‘snapshot’ nature of sampling (Pinnegar & Polunin 1999, Pinnegar et al. 2001), the prevalence of unrecognized dietary items (Pinnegar et al. 2001), bias from regurgitation during capture (Renones et…”
Communal or competitive? Stable isotope analysis provides evidence of resource partitioning within a communal shark nursery (2011, background): “These include: the snapshot nature of stomach content data (Pinnegar & Polunin 1999, Pinnegar et al. 2001, Bearhop et al. 2004, MacNeil et al. 2005), the persistence of hard structures like cephalopod beaks and crustacean shells (Wilson et al. 1985) and, in the case of animals such as sharks, the…”