A Review of Graphene‐Based Nanostructural Materials for Both Catalyst Supports and Metal‐Free Catalysts in PEM Fuel Cell Oxygen Reduction Reactions

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N-doped hierarchically macro/mesoporous carbon with excellent electrocatalytic activity and durability for oxygen reduction reaction (2015, background): “In the most current PEMFCs, carbon-supported Pt materials are necessarily adopted as the state-of-the-art and most practical electrocatalysts for both hydrogen oxidation reaction at the anode and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at the cathode of PEMFCs [3].”
Enhanced stability of Pt nanoparticle electrocatalysts for fuel cells (2015, methodology): “The most widely used approaches in this respect are: (i) substituting carbon black support with novel highly graphitized carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [7, 8], and graphene [9-11], or with noncarbon catalysts supports, including transition metal oxides [12-14] and nitrides [15,”
Phosphorus and Nitrogen Dual Doped and Simultaneously Reduced Graphene Oxide with High Surface Area as Efficient Metal-Free Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction (2015, background): “Both theoretical calculations and experimental studies reveal that incorporating foreign atoms into the graphene structure can effectively tailor the material’s electronic and chemical properties [15–17].”