Syndromes of Corruption: Wealth, Power, and Democracy

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Corruption as an obstacle to development in developing countries: a review of literature (2011, background): “In general, bureaucratic corruption allows inefficient producers to remain in business, encourages governments to pursue perverse economic policies, and provides opportunities for bureaucrats and politicians to enrich themselves through extorting bribes from those seeking government favours (Mbaku, ”
Causes of corruption: a survey of cross-country analyses and extended results (2008, background): “Case studies and more theoretical studies can act as a necessary complement of this type of work (e.g. Johnston 2005).”
Corruption: Classification and analysis (2015, background): “This is very different to the ‘‘grand corruption’’ so often described in the literature (Hellman, Jones, & Kaufmann, 2000; Johnston, 2005; Pope, 1995) where politicians manipulate the instruments of the state for their own personal benefit, and thus terribly distort policy, to the point they…”
The Worldwide Governance Indicators: Six, One, or None? (2010, background): “Also, Johnston (2005) identifies four types of corruption.”