Preferred Difficulty and Subjective Probability in Different Action Phases

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Motivation and volition in the course of action (2008, background): “• Induction of the Deliberative Mindset Participants are asked to identify a personal concern (problem) that they are currently deliberating, without yet having decided whether to make a change (i.e., to act) or to let things take their course (i.e., to remain passive).”
Mindsets and pre-conscious open-mindedness to incidental information (2007, background): “…mindsets are also more likely to overestimate the amount of control they have over their environment ( " illusions of control " ; Gollwitzer & Kinney, 1989) and how well they can perform on various tasks (Puca, 2001), whereas those in deliberative mindsets are more realistic (i.e., accurate).”