Latitudinal dependence of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variations

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Observations, inferences, and mechanisms of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation: A review (2016, methodology): “…include sea level from altimetry [Häkkinen, 2001; Lorbacher et al., 2010; Ivchenko et al., 2011] or tide gauges [Bingham and Hughes, 2009], SST [Latif et al., 2004, 2006; Dima and Lohmann, 2010; Rahmstorf et al., 2015], and ocean temperature anomalies [Zhang, 2008, 2010a; Mahajan et al., 2011].”
Past, Present, and Future Changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (2012, background): “In contrast, Zhang (2010) showed, using density coordinates, that AMOC signals propagating from higher to lower latitudes have significant meridional coherence.”
A Review of the Role of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in Atlantic Multidecadal Variability and Associated Climate Impacts (2019, background): “…coherence in low‐frequency AMOC anomalies associated with NADW formation is due to the existence of interior pathways of NADW at midlatitudes (Zhang, 2010), as has been observed (Bower et al., 2009); low‐frequency AMOC anomalies induced by changes in high‐latitude deep water formation thus…”
A multi-model comparison of Atlantic multidecadal variability (2014, unknown): “In many models, AMOC anomalies propagate southward with a time scale of several years from the subpolar to the subtropical region, because of the contribution of the slower interior transport in this region (Zhang 2010).”