The surprising history of the "HRmax=220-age" equation

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Graded Exercise Testing Protocols for the Determination of VO2max: Historical Perspectives, Progress, and Future Considerations (2016, methodology): “” Curious to investigate the mystery of 220-age, Robergs and Landwehr [107] replicated the data set presented by Fox et al.”
A comparison of singles and doubles badminton: heart rate response, player profiles and game characteristics (2009, methodology): “This was deemed the most accurate measure of maximum HR for this study as the participants were at the point of exercise exhaustion and the use of predicted maximum HR equations are subject to large errors and have limited scientific merit for use in exercise physiology (Robergs and Landwehr, 2002).”