Litter effects on plant regeneration in arid lands: a complex balance between seed retention, seed longevity and soil–seed contact

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Effects of litter on seedling establishment in natural and semi‐natural grasslands: a meta‐analysis (2013, background): “Additionally, it can also prevent seeds from reaching the soil (Rotundo & Aguiar 2005; Donath & Eckstein 2010) and may create an impenetrable physical barrier for seedlings (Facelli & Pickett 1991b).”
Effects of bryophytes and grass litter on seedling emergence vary by vertical seed position and seed size (2010, background): “However, with increasing thickness, litter or bryophyte cover either interferes with the ability of the radicle to establish soil contact (Mallik et al. 1984; Rotundo and Aguiar 2005) or thick layers present a barrier that hamper seedlings to pierce through the litter from below to reach the light (”
Is the loss of Australian digging mammals contributing to a deterioration in ecosystem function (2014, background): “By collecting animal faeces, litter and seeds, diggings can generally lead to enhanced seed germination compared with non-pit soils (although litter-filled pits may also retard seed germination by inhibiting soil–seed contact, Rotundo & Aguiar 2005).”