Why Does Concrete Set?: The Nature of Cohesion Forces in Hardened Cement-Based Materials

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Molecular Dynamics to Understand the Mechanical Behavior of Cement Paste (2010, background): “Pellenq and Van Damme (4) provided limited insight into the factors that affect setting and hardening of the cement paste.”
Use of OPC to improve setting and early strength properties of low calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete cured at room temperature (2015, background): “The divalent calcium induces attractive colloidal interaction forces between particles which increase shear resistance of the mixture [20,39].”
Nanotechnology in concrete – A review (2010, background): “only marginally contribute to cement paste cohesion [83,84].”
Fracture properties and microstructure formation of hardened alkali-activated slag/fly ash pastes (2021, background): “Both the cohesion between and/or the adhesion is considered an essential component of the mechanical properties of cementitious materials [95,96], which”
A realistic molecular model of cement hydrates (2009, background): “These values are somewhat higher than those for 14 Å tobermorite and jennite, for which ms 56 GPa obtained from classical (21) and ab initio plane-wave GGA-DFT calculations (22).”
Nanogranular packing of C–S–H at substochiometric conditions (2010, unknown): “In the backanalysis we fixed the value ofms=65 GPa, on the basis of atomistic simulation results [47,48].”