Gender-specific dispersal distances of grizzly bears estimated by genetic analysis

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Kin-related spatial structure in brown bears Ursus arctos (2005, methodology): “The combined unbiased probability of identity ( Paetkau and Strobeck 1994 ) of the 18 loci was 2.098e−17, meaning that the 18 loci are sufficient to provide a full assessment of kinship relationships (Table 1). Pairwise geographic distance was calculated based on arithmetic centers of localizations ”
Population fragmentation and inter-ecosystem movements of grizzly bears in western Canada and the northern United States (2012, methodology): “In unsettled areas, male and female movement rates were not different, suggesting that although females have shorter dispersal distances (Blanchard and Knight 1991, McLellan and Hovey 2001, Proctor et al. 2004a), females move through geographic areas where disturbance is minimal.”
Ecological investigations of grizzly bears in Canada using DNA from hair, 1995–2005: a review of methods and progress (2010, methodology): “Proctor et al. (2004) used 15-locus genotypes of 97 parent–offspring pairs to estimate male and female grizzly bear natal dispersal in southeast BC.”
The mating system of the brown bear Ursus arctos (2012, background): “In southwestern Canada, natal dispersal occurs less often and over shorter distances, averaging 49.1km for males and 14.3km for females (McLellan & Hovey 2001, Proctor et al. 2004, McLellan 2005).”