Metal Fatigue: Effects of Small Defects and Nonmetallic Inclusions

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Fatigue of additive manufactured Ti-6Al-4V, Part I: The effects of powder feedstock, manufacturing, and post-process conditions on the resulting microstructure and defects (2020, background): “The maximum stress intensity factor in uniaxial fatigue loading for an internal defect can be approximated as = K area 0.5 max and for surface defects is approximated as , where is the nominal applied stress and area is the defect area normal to the applied stress [92].”
Advantages of the centrifugal casting technique for the production of structural components with Al–Si alloys (2008, background): “In terms of fatigue life, S–N curves and mainly fatigue limit, rw, there are basically three theories [10].”
High cycle fatigue behavior and life prediction for additively manufactured 17-4 PH stainless steel: Effect of sub-surface porosity and surface roughness (2020, methodology): “, areaNS≅d 10 (5) which is valid for shallow 2D cracks and surface roughness [41,52].”
Criticality of porosity defects on the fatigue performance of wire + arc additive manufactured titanium alloy (2019, background): “According to Murakami’s approach [28], a spherical gas pore can be treated as a planar crack of size equal to the square root of the projected area of the pore.”