The Making of the 2003 EU Emissions Trading Directive: An Ultra-Quick Process due to Entrepreneurial Proficiency?

By J. Wettestad. Global Environmental Politics, 2005

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Ecological Modernisation and the Governance of Carbon: A Critical Analysis (2011, background): “The EU ETS has frequently been described as a grand policy experiment (Wettestad 2005); certainly, the investments made – both financial and political – make abandoning the scheme prior to 2020 at the earliest virtually unthinkable.”
Making things the same: Gases, emission rights and the politics of carbon markets (2009, background): “…credits – necessary for a 4 On the emergence of the ETS, see, e.g., Zapfel and Vainio (2002), Christiansen and Wettestad (2003), Damro and Méndez (2003), Wettestad (2005), Cass (2005). carbon market is brought into being.5 Consider, for example, two very different sites: the central-area combined…”
The Brave New World of Carbon Trading (2009, methodology): “However, when the US withdrew from the Kyoto Protocol, in 2001, the power vacuum was quickly filled after a U-turn by the EC which saw Europe adopt US policy in place of its own failed tax initiative (Wettestad 2005).”
The European Emissions Trading Scheme: An exploratory study of how companies learn to account for carbon☆ (2009, background): “The European Emissions Trading Scheme can be regarded as a major policy innovation (Voß, 2007a) that diffused from the United States to various European states and finally to the European Union at a surprising speed (Braun, 2009; Christiansen & Wettestad, 2003; Wettestad, 2005).”