Propagation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave energy in the magnetosphere

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Cluster observations of EMIC triggered emissions in association with Pc1 waves near Earth's plasmapause (2010, background): “[3] Pc1 pulsations observed in space have also been widely reported at various latitudes in the ionosphere and magnetosphere [cf. Perraut, 1982; Iyemori and Hayashi, 1989; Loto’aniu et al., 2005], and with multiple satellites [Engebretson et al.”
A statistical study of EMIC waves observed by Cluster: 1. Wave properties (2014, methodology): “…allows us to expand our investigation past the MLAT limitations of previous studies [e.g., Anderson et al., 1992a, 1992b; Fraser and Nguyen, 2001; Loto’aniu et al., 2005; Halford et al., 2010; Min et al., 2012; Keika et al., 2013; Usanova et al., 2013] to better characterize EMIC wave generation…”
The occurrence and wave properties of H+‐, He+‐, and O+‐band EMIC waves observed by the Van Allen Probes (2015, background): “This distribution is consistent with the source region being located between MLAT=±11° of the magnetic equator [Loto’aniu et al., 2005].”
Radiation belt dynamics: The importance of wave‐particle interactions (2010, background): “The EMIC source region is typically confined within ∼10 degrees of the geomagnetic equatorial plane, and the Poynting flux at higher latitude is always directed away from the equator, dispelling the long‐ standing bouncing wave packet model [Loto’aniu et al., 2005].”