Lattice Boltzmann simulations of water transport in gas diffusion layer of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

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A review of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells: Technology, applications,and needs on fundamental research (2011, background): “Visualized cutout of the reconstructed Toray090 (a); SGL10BA from [281] (b); from [282] (c); and from [283] (d).”
Lattice Boltzmann simulations for surface wettability effects in saturated pool boiling heat transfer (2015, background): “Its kinetic nature makes it an effective tool for numerical simulation of fluid mechanics problems involving interfacial dynamics and complex boundaries [20,21].”
Lattice Boltzmann methods for multiphase flow and phase-change heat transfer (2015, methodology): “nd enhancing the GDL hydrophobicity can promote the formation of small droplets and thus reduce the time of water droplets adhering to the GDL surface near the emergence pore. Moreover, Hao and Cheng [80, 81] have also studied the effect of wettability on the water transport dynamics in a carbon pap”
Pore-scale flow and mass transport in gas diffusion layer of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with interdigitated flow fields (2012, methodology): “Further, simulation is performed in 3D carbon paper GDL reconstructed by the stochastic method [22,25,28,29].”