Problems and Methods in the Study of Politics: The illusion of learning from observational research

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Field Experiments and the Study of Voter Turnout (2013, background): “Even if statistical controls were adequate to eliminate bias, uncertainty about whether a statistical analysis is unbiased is sufficient to undercut the credibility of the findings (Gerber et al., 2004).”
Testing the Accuracy of Regression Discontinuity Analysis Using Experimental Benchmarks (2009, background): “As Gerber, Green, and Kaplan (2004) argue, however, observational approaches such as RD analysis generate estimates whose mean squared error is a function of both sampling variability and specification uncertainty.”
Do Get-Out-the-Vote Calls Reduce Turnout? The Importance of Statistical Methods for Field Experiments (2005, background): “For example, in order to measure the causal effect of British colonial rule on the postcolonial economic development of India, one must estimate the economic growth of India if it had not been ruled by the British empire.”