Inefficiencies and scale economies of European airport operations

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Measuring the economic efficiency of airports: A Simar–Wilson methodology analysis (2008, methodology): “Previous research on airports has been conducted by several authors using DEA, such as Adler and Berechman (2001), Barros and Sampaio (2004), Fernandes and Pacheco (2002), Gillen and Lall (1997), Murillo-Melchor (1999), Parker (1999) and Pels et al. (2001, 2003).”
Ownership Forms Matter for Airport Efficiency: A Stochastic Frontier Investigation of Worldwide Airports (2008, unknown): “…1990–2000 using a Malmquist TFP index and DEA. Pacheco and Fernandes (2003) examine the efficiency of 35 Brazilian domestic airports and identify the avenues for improvements, and Pels et al. (2003) investigate the technical and scale efficiency of European airports, both using the DEA method.”
Joint impact of competition, ownership form and economic regulation on airport performance and pricing (2014, background): “Consequently, physical data such as the number of runways, gates or check-in-counters and terminal size are often collected for cross-border studies as a proxy for capital (Gillen and Lall, 1997; Pels et al., 2003).”
Benchmarking airports from a managerial perspective (2013, background): “[7], we assume constant returns to scale with respect to revenues in that a doubling of the intermediate inputs, namely passengers, air traffic”