Behaviour of smaller and larger dogs: Effects of training methods, inconsistency of owner behaviour and level of engagement in activities with the dog

By Christine Arhant, H. Bubna‐littitz, A. Bartels, Andreas Futschik, J. Troxler. 2010

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Minimizing fear and anxiety in working dogs: A review (2016, background): “…is linked to an increased incidence of behavior problems (Hiby et al., 2004), including fear, anxiety and aggression (Blackwell et al., 2008), wariness towards strangers, reduced playfulness (Rooney and Cowan, 2011), and increased anxiety-related aggression and excitability (Arhant et al., 2010).”
The effects of using aversive training methods in dogs—A review (2017, background): “All correlations < 0.3 ( continued on next page ) training methods and behavior in small ( < 20 kg) and large dogs ( > 20 kg) (Arhant et al., 2010).”
Effects of 2 training methods on stress-related behaviors of the dog (Canis familiaris) and on the dog–owner relationship (2014, result): “These results converge with the study by Arhant et al. (2010) who found no marked differences in the types of training methods used with smaller and larger dogs.”
The Emotional Lives of Companion Animals: Attachment and Subjective Claims by Owners of Cats and Dogs (2016, background): “…owners are the primary source of information regarding companion-animal behavior problems (Bennett and Rohlf 2007; Blackwell et al. 2008; Arhant et al. 2010), and are able to identify overt behavioral indicators of stress (e.g., trembling, crying, or excessive barking), indicative of…”