Hysteresis of Capillary Stress in Unsaturated Granular Soil

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Tensile Strength of Unsaturated Sand (2009, background): “For example, numerous models have been developed to quantify liquid bridge forces developed between particles in the pendular regime for simplified two-particle systems represented by smooth spheres, rough spheres, parallel plates, and other such geometries e.g., Fisher 1926; Dallavalle 1943; Ingles”
Suction Stress Characteristic Curve for Unsaturated Soil (2006, methodology): “Lu and Griffiths 2004 used the suction stress concept to model effective stress profiles in nearsurface unsaturated soil deposits under steady state infiltration and evaporation conditions.”
Mechanisms for Soil-Water Retention and Hysteresis at High Suction Range (2015, background): “, Likos and Lu 2006)], the exact value has not been well established. Frydman and Baker (2009) suggested that the soil-water cavitation pressure is between approximately −100 and −400 kPa.”
Tensile Strength of Compacted Clayey Soil (2015, background): “However, most existing theories and models related to tensile strength are derived by considering interparticle forces or capillary mechanisms for idealized two-particle systems featuring smooth spheres, rough spheres, parallel plates, and other such geometries (Schubert 1982; Likos and Lu 2004; Lu ”