How much can the vertical distribution of black carbon affect its global direct radiative forcing?

By C. Zarzycki, T. Bond. 2010

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Anthropogenic and Natural Radiative Forcing (2014, background): “Absorbing aerosols also have enhanced positive forcing when they overlie high albedo surfaces such as cryosphere, desert or clouds, with as much as 50% of BC RF resulting from BC above clouds (Zarzycki and Bond, 2010).”
Toward a Minimal Representation of Aerosols in Climate Models: Comparative Decomposition of Aerosol Direct, Semidirect, and Indirect Radiative Forcing (2012, background): “In addition, CAM tends to put a larger fraction of BC in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere than other models do (Schwarz et al. 2010; Liu et al. 2011), which can increase the direct forcing by BC by 20% (Zarzycki and Bond 2010).”
Aircraft Instrument for Comprehensive Characterization of Aerosol Optical Properties, Part 2: Black and Brown Carbon Absorption and Absorption Enhancement Measured with Photo Acoustic Spectroscopy (2012, background): “…BC evolves throughout its emission to deposition lifecycle, including changes to mixing state (Jacobson 2001), incorporation into clouds (Koch and Del Genio 2010) and impact based on geographic location (i.e., above clouds or snow, Flanner et al. 2007; Doherty et al. 2010; Zarzycki and Bond 2010).”
Black carbon vertical profiles strongly affect its radiative forcing uncertainty (2012, methodology): “A recent estimate using a column model (Zarzycki and Bond, 2010) shows forcing efficiencies above and below clouds comparable to the ones used in the present analysis.”