Pteropods in Southern Ocean ecosystems

By B. Hunt, E. Pakhomov, G. Hosie, V. Siegel, P. Ward, K. Bernard. 2008

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An overview of Southern Ocean zooplankton data: abundance, biomass, feeding and functional relationships (2012, background): “Combined pteropods contributed <5% to total zooplankton in the Lazarev Sea, but 15% (max = 93%) to macrozooplankton in the East Antarctic (Hunt et al., 2008).”
Effect of pH on Gene Expression and Thermal Tolerance of Early Life History Stages of Red Abalone (Haliotis rufescens) (2010, background): “In addition, pteropods, a pelagic gastropod, are thought to contribute a large fraction of carbonate flux in parts of the oceans (e.g., 11–13 g/m–2/y in the Southern Ocean (Honjo et al. 2000, Hunt et al. 2008)).”
Synergistic effects of ocean acidification and warming on overwintering pteropods in the Arctic (2012, background): “They may also contribute significantly to vertical fluxes of both organic matter and biogenic calcium carbonate (Berner & Honjo, 1981; Bathmann et al., 1991; Hunt et al., 2008).”
Larvae of the pteropod Cavolinia inflexa exposed to aragonite undersaturation are viable but shell-less (2010, background): “…also an important component of marine food webs, for example, in the high latitudes, they can represent as much as 90% of the total zooplankton and is a major dietary component for zooplankton and higher predators, such as herring, salmon, whale and birds (Hunt et al. 2008; Karnovsky et al. 2008).”