The prevalence of DSM-IV personality disorders in psychiatric outpatients.

By M. Zimmerman, Louis Rothschild, I. Chelminski. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2005

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Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. (2009, background): “In a large-scale study examining the prevalence of DSM–IV PDs in psychiatric outpatients, Zimmerman, Rothschild, and Chelminski (2005) found the prevalence of NPD to be 2.3%.”
Assessment and diagnosis of personality disorder: perennial issues and an emerging reconceptualization. (2007, background): “…with Axis I disorders (typically 50% or more in each case in clinical samples), with discussion of methodological factors that may increase rates artifactually, common features, or putative underlying shared etiology [Zimmerman et al. (2005) reported on a particularly large outpatient sample].”
Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder. (2010, background): “%) of DSM NPD diagnosis in most epidemiological studies (Mattia & Zimmerman 2001, Zimmerman et al. 2005) with the greater frequency of narcissistic diagnosis found in clinical practice (Doidge et al. 2002, Morey & Ochoa 1989, Ronningstam & Gunderson 1990, Shedler & Westen 2007, Westen 1997, Westen…”
DSM-IV personality disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. (2007, result): “…with the results of previous, mostly clinical, studies (Dahl 1986; Dolan-Sewell et al. 2001; Goodwin et al. 2005; Johnson et al. 2005a; Koenigsberg et al. 1985; Loranger 1990; McGlashan et al. 2000; Oldham et al. 1995; Tyrer et al. 1997; Zimmerman and Coryell 1989; Zimmerman et al. 2005).”