Racism Attitudes, White Racial Identity Attitudes, and Multicultural Counseling Competence in School Counselor Trainees.

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Multicultural Competency Instrumentation: A Review and Analysis of Reliability Generalization (2006, methodology): “Interestingly, Constantine (2002b) reports that ratings of counselor multicultural competency account for a significant portion of variance in predicting counseling satisfaction after the variance associated with ratings of general counseling competency is controlled.”
Color-blind racial attitudes and white racial identity attitudes in psychology trainees. (2007, background): “society makes it imperative that White practitioners be cognizant of the continuing existence and impact of race and racism in individuals’ lives (Constantine, 2002; Gushue & Carter, 2000).”
Multicultural education in the mental health professions: A meta-analytic review (2006, background): “…Juby, & Liang, 2001; Ottavi et al., 1994); (b) higher levels of racism are negatively associated with self-perceived multicultural competence (e.g., Constantine, 2002b); and (c) greater levels of emotional empathy are positively associated with self-reported multicultural competence (Constantine,…”