Warm-Mix Asphalt: European Practice

By J. D'angelo, E. Harm, J. Bartoszek, G. Baumgardner, M. Corrigan, J. Cowsert, T. Harman, M. Jamshidi, W. Jones, D. Newcomb and 3 more. 2008

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Optimization of warm mix asphalts using different blends of binders and synthetic paraffin wax contents (2010, background): “In case study B, the WMA mixture (B2) was clearly less susceptible to fatigue cracking than the HMA mixture (B1), due to the use of a very soft base bitumen (B160/220) and the lower effect of ageing in the WMA mixture [17], produced at lower temperatures.”
Comparative evaluation of warm mix asphalt containing high percentages of reclaimed asphalt pavement (2013, methodology): “WMA-high RAP mixture may be beneficial in two ways: the viscosity reduction will aid in compaction, and the decreased aging of the binder as a result of the lower production temperatures may help compensate for the aged RAP binder, similar to using a softer binder grade [19].”