Schlieren and shadowgraph techniques

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On the transcritical mixing of fuels at diesel engine conditions (2017, background): “Since it is these density gradients that optical imaging captures (shadowgraphy is sensitive to the second spatial derivative of density [27]), one cannot rely solely on a change in interface sharpness as a criterion for supercritical mixing.”
Fluid flow and optical flow (2008, background): “Images of density-varying flow Settles (2001) briefly discussed schlieren image correlation velocimetry.”
Plasma assisted cavity flame ignition in supersonic flows (2010, methodology): “Schlieren imaging [18] is carried out with an ultra fast framing camera (Imacon 486 intensified CCD camera) and a pulsed xenon flash lamp (Hamamatsu, Model E6611).”
Computerized background-oriented schlieren (2002, background): “1 Introduction The usual schlieren system, as first described by Toepler (1864) and later, for instance, in the works of Schardin (1934), Merzkirch (1987) and Settles (2001), needs an elaborate optical setup.”
Transient fluid-combustion phenomena in a model scramjet (2013, background): “An additional advantage of this device is that the beam is effectively incoherent, eliminating the diffraction effects usually associated with laser light sources (Settles 2006).”