Alternatives to animal testing: A review
By S. Doke, S. Dhawale. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 2013
483 citations recorded by the source corpus.
The number of animals used in research has increased with the advancement of research and development in medical technology. Every year, millions of experimental animals are used all over the world. The pain, distress and death experienced by the animals during scientific experiments have been a debating issue for a long time. Besides the major concern of ethics, there are few more disadvantages of animal experimentation like requirement of skilled manpower, time consuming protocols and high cost. Various alternatives to animal testing were proposed to overcome the drawbacks associated with animal experiments and avoid the unethical procedures. A strategy of 3 Rs (i.e. reduction, refinement and replacement) is being applied for laboratory use of animals. Different methods and alternative organisms are applied to implement this strategy. These methods provide an alternative means for the drug and chemical testing, up to some levels. A brief account of these alternatives and advantages associated is discussed in this review with examples. An integrated application of these approaches would give an insight into minimum use of animals in scientific experiments.
Subfields: Computational Theory and Mathematics, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, Small Animals
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ee74b2e899a8096907ae092cecea135d3fc56770
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Citations in the corpus
- An overview of insect innate immunity (2020, background): “The lack of antibody production and a complex innate immune system comprising cellular and humoral immunity in insects, makes them a potential candidate for a wide range of scientific experiments (Balls 1994; Doke & Dhawale 2015; Franco 2013; Rollin 2003).”