Delayed recovery of giant kelp near its southern range limit in the North Pacific following El Niño

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Evolution and Ecology of Species Range Limits (2009, background): “…declines at its southern range limit owing to high temperatures and large waves during a strong El Niño event, yet was unable to recolonize formerly occupied areas after the El Niño owing to preemption by a competitor less affected by the abiotic change (Edwards & Hernandez-Carmona 2005).”
The role of kelp species as biogenic habitat formers in coastal marine ecosystems (2017, background): “…temperature and decreased nutrients (e.g. during El Niño events) can also reduce the 502 quality or quantity of habitat provided by kelps by increasing mortality and reducing recruitment of 503 kelps (Edwards and Hernández-Carmona, 2005), and reducing growth rates (Dean and Jacobsen, 504 1986).”
GLOBAL ECOLOGY OF THE GIANT KELP MACROCYSTIS : FROM ECOTYPES TO ECOSYSTEMS (2007, background): “…and Eisenia arborea), usually inferior competitors to Macrocystis, became well established during ENSO, persisted for many years post-ENSO (Dayton & Tegner 1984, Dayton et al. 1984, 1999) and was shown to suppress Macrocystis recruitment in local areas (e.g., Edwards & Hernández-Carmona 2005).”