Double-Skinned Forward Osmosis Membranes for Reducing Internal Concentration Polarization within the Porous Sublayer

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Thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes with novel hydrophilic supports for desalination (2012, methodology): “In order to develop polymeric FO membranes with appropriate separation performance, two fabrication techniques have been often adopted: (1) asymmetric membranes made by non-solvent induced phase inversion [9,28–32], and (2) thin-film-composite (TFC) membranes made by”
Forward osmosis for application in wastewater treatment: a review. (2014, background): “…higher water fluxes in PRO-mode, attributed to less severe concentrative ICP (CICP), but this orientation is also more prone to membrane fouling (Holloway et al., 2007; Tang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2010b), due to the entrapment of the foulants in the SL, which reduce porosity and enhance ICP.”
Recent advances in polymer and polymer composite membranes for reverse and forward osmosis processes (2016, methodology): “[364, 365, 370] A transition sublayer was also observed between the thin dense layer, which ensured solute rejection and allowed water transport, and the highly porous bulk support.”
A sulfonated polyphenylenesulfone (sPPSU) as the supporting substrate in thin film composite (TFC) membranes with enhanced performance for forward osmosis (FO) (2013, methodology): “Vast developments of FO membranes have been in the form of asymmetric flat sheet or hollow fiber membranes via phase inversion technique [15–21].”