Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface-Based Index Modulation: A New Beyond MIMO Paradigm for 6G

By Ertugrul Basar. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 2019

737 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Transmission through reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs), which control the reflection/scattering characteristics of incident waves in a deliberate manner to enhance the signal quality at the receiver, appears as a promising candidate for future wireless communication systems. In this paper, we bring the concept of RIS-assisted communications to the realm of index modulation (IM) by proposing RIS-space shift keying (RIS-SSK) and RIS-spatial modulation (RIS-SM) schemes. These two schemes are realized through not only intelligent reflection of the incoming signals to improve the reception but also utilization of the IM principle for the indices of multiple receive antennas in a clever way to improve the spectral efficiency. Maximum energy-based suboptimal (greedy) and exhaustive search-based optimal (maximum likelihood) detectors of the proposed RIS-SSK/SM schemes are formulated and a unified framework is presented for the derivation of their theoretical average bit error probability. Extensive computer simulation results are provided to assess the potential of RIS-assisted IM schemes as well as to verify our theoretical derivations. Our findings also reveal that RIS-based IM, which enables high data rates with remarkably low error rates, can become a potential candidate for future wireless communication systems in the context of beyond multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) solutions.

Subfields: Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Genetics

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ed5481af16a43cdff9d16ac6b88e5299358e0a14

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Citations in the corpus

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Aided NOMA Networks (2019, methodology): “The associated bit error ratio (BER) was evaluated in the case of Rayleigh fading in [32].”
Smart Radio Environments Empowered by Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: How It Works, State of Research, and The Road Ahead (2020, background): “In [82], the author studies the error probability offered by space shift keying and spatial modulation schemes that”
Holographic MIMO Communications: Theoretical Foundations, Enabling Technologies, and Future Directions (2022, background): “binations by introducing HMIMOS to various areas, including physical layer security [284]–[286], index modulation [287]– [289], non-orthogonal multiple access [290]–[292], cognitive radio [293]–[295], ambient backscattering communications [74], [296], [297], full duplex wireless communications [298]”
Smart Radio Environments Empowered by Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces: How it Works, State of Research, and Road Ahead (2020, background): “In [82], the author studies the error probability offered by”
An Overview of Signal Processing Techniques for Terahertz Communications (2020, background): “Note that IRS-based index modulation schemes [313] can also be very efficient at THz frequencies.”
Wireless Communications Through Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (2019, methodology): “Communication-Theoretic Performance Limits – With the exception of [1], [79], [100], the optimization of, e.”
Toward Smart Wireless Communications via Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces: A Contemporary Survey (2019, background): “Along this research direction, the authors in [112] design spatial modulation meth-ods for the IRS, which can be realized by either creating exotic scattering pattern to enhance end-to-end transmissions or utilizing the index modulation of multiple receive antennas to render improved spectrum…”
Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface Assisted Multiuser MISO Systems Exploiting Deep Reinforcement Learning (2020, positive): “An index modulation (IM) scheme exploiting the programmable nature of the RIS was proposed in [13], where it was shown that the RIS-based IM enables high data rates with remarkably low error rates.”
Enabling Large Intelligent Surfaces With Compressive Sensing and Deep Learning (2019, methodology): “In [10], a new transmission strategy combining LIS with index modulation was proposed to improve the system spectral efficiency.”
A Comprehensive Overview on 5G-and-Beyond Networks With UAVs: From Communications to Sensing and Intelligence (2020, background): “As an alternative, IRS has recently emerged as a new and costeffective solution to improve the received power and suppress air-ground interference in 3D space [96]–[99].”
Survey on 6G Frontiers: Trends, Applications, Requirements, Technologies and Future Research (2021, background): “1) Importance to 6G: LIS have been identiﬁed as key technological enabler for 6G since it is going to operate at higher frequencies and is expected to go beyond the massive MIMO [12], [273].”
Intelligent Reflecting Surface-Aided Wireless Communications: A Tutorial (2020, background): “In addition to the above mentioned ones, there are also other interesting and promising topics on IRS that deserve further studies, including IRS-aided cognitive radio network [144], [145], IRS-aided sensing and localization [146], [147], IRS-aided THz communication [148], simultaneous IRS reflectio”
Multi-Hop RIS-Empowered Terahertz Communications: A DRL-Based Hybrid Beamforming Design (2021, background): “[29] proposed an index modulation (IM) scheme by leveraging the programmable inherit characteristic of RISs.”