The 12C/13C Isotope Gradient Derived from Millimeter Transitions of CN: The Case for Galactic Chemical Evolution

By S. N. Milam, C. Savage, M. A. Brewster, L. Ziurys, Susan Wyckoff. 2005

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MOLECULAR CLOUDS TOWARD THE SUPER STAR CLUSTER NGC 3603; POSSIBLE EVIDENCE FOR A CLOUD–CLOUD COLLISION IN TRIGGERING THE CLUSTER FORMATION (2013, methodology): “For the isotope ratio of 12C/13C, we adopt 75 at the Galactocentric distance of ∼9 kpc (Milam et al. 2005).”
LOW VIRIAL PARAMETERS IN MOLECULAR CLOUDS: IMPLICATIONS FOR HIGH-MASS STAR FORMATION AND MAGNETIC FIELDS (2013, background): “The studies further assume that the 12CO– to–13CO abundance varies with galactocentric radius as described by Frerking et al. (1982), respectively Milam et al. (2005), depending on the study.”
RE-EXAMINING LARSON'S SCALING RELATIONSHIPS IN GALACTIC MOLECULAR CLOUDS (2008, methodology): “The most recent characterization of this gradient by Milam et al. (2005) is [12C/13C] = 6.2Rgal + 18.7 (6) This scaling is applied to the 13CO column density for each cloud according to its Galactocentric radius, Rgal, to derive a 12CO column density, N12(l, b) = [ 12C/13C]N13(l, b).”
Astrochemistry and compositions of planetary systems (2020, background): “For carbon, a central reaction in the ion-molecule chain that powers fractionation is 13C+ + 12CO ↔12C+ + 13CO + 35 K; this does lead to a slight excess of 13CO in cold regions (Langer and Penzias 1990; Milam et al. 2005).”