Global change in the thermosphere: Compelling evidence of a secular decrease in density

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Causes of low thermospheric density during the 2007–2009 solar minimum (2011, background): “Theory [Qian et al., 2006] and observation [Emmert et al., 2004, 2008] 1High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA.”
Anomalously low solar extreme‐ultraviolet irradiance and thermospheric density during solar minimum (2010, result): “The observed rate of change of density at a reference altitude of 400 km is estimated to be 2% to 5% per decade [Keating et al., 2000; Emmert et al., 2004, 2008; Marcos et al., 2005], in approximate agreement with model predictions [Roble and Dickinson, 1989;Rishbeth and Roble, 1992; Akmaev and Fo”
Seasonal variation of thermospheric density and composition (2009, background): “These variations make some contributions to the annual/semiannual variation shown in Figure 1. In addition, there is a global change due to increase of greenhouse gases [Roble and Dickinson, 1989; Keating et al., 2000; Emmert et al., 2004, 2008; Marcos et al., 2005; Qian et al., 2006] superimposed”