New Metrics for the Reliability of Approximate and Probabilistic Adders

By Jinghang Liang, Jie Han, Fabrizio Lombardi. IEEE transactions on computers, 2013

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A low-power, high-performance approximate multiplier with configurable partial error recovery (2014, methodology): “New methodologies to model, analyze and evaluate the approximate adders have been discussed in [2]–[4].”
Approximate computing: An emerging paradigm for energy-efficient design (2013, background): “Power and precision tradeoffs as given by the power consumption per bit and the NED of a full adder design [44].”
Design of Power and Area Efficient Approximate Multipliers (2017, background): “In [12], approximate adders are evaluated and normalized ED (NED) is proposed as nearly invariant metric independent of the size of the approximate circuit.”
EvoApproxSb: Library of approximate adders and multipliers for circuit design and benchmarking of approximation methods (2017, unknown): “quality of approximate arithmetic circuits [16].”
DRUM: A Dynamic Range Unbiased Multiplier for approximate applications (2015, background): “At the same time, new metrics and methodologies are proposed in [5], [6], [7] for evaluation and modeling of approximate adders.”
Design and Analysis of Approximate Compressors for Multiplication (2015, methodology): “In [1], the NED is defined as the average error distance over all inputs, normalized by the maximum possible error.”