EU Anti-Discrimination Law

By E. Ellis, Philippa Watson. 2005

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How Do Fairness Definitions Fare?: Examining Public Attitudes Towards Algorithmic Definitions of Fairness (2018, background): “Direct discrimination is the phenomenon of discriminating against an individual simply because of their membership, or perceived membership, in certain protected (or sensitive) attributes, such as age, disability, religion, gender, and race [11].”
Integrating induction and deduction for finding evidence of discrimination (2009, background): “Directives provide a broad definition of indirect (also known as systematic) discrimination as occurring “where an apparently neutral provision, criterion or practice would put persons of a racial or ethnic origin at a particular disadvantage compared with other persons” [7].”