Brown Clouds over South Asia: Biomass or Fossil Fuel Combustion?

By O. Gustafsson, M. Kruså, Z. Zencak, R. Sheesley, L. Granat, Erik Engström, P. S. Praveen, P. Rao, C. Leck, H. Rodhe. Science, 2009

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Household cooking fuel choice and adoption of improved cookstoves in developing countries : a review (2014, result): “Similar findings are reported by Habermehl (2007) in Kampala, Unganda and Habermehl (2008) in Malawi.”
Dissolved black carbon in aquatic ecosystems (2018, background): “…and even soil burn depth (as observed in boreal forest fires; Mouteva et al. 2015), contribute to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of aerosol BC (Gustafsson et al. 2009), which ultimately influences the amount and composition of aerosol-derived DBC which enters aquatic systems.”
Unbelievable but improved cookstoves are not helpful in reducing firewood demand in Nepal (2010, neutral): “Burning biomass for household energy is mainly related to indoor air pollution that causes numerous health problems, emission of greenhouse gases, brown clouds, and black carbon (Edwards et al., 2004; Chengappa et al., 2007; Pant, 2008; Malla, 2009; Gustafsson et al., 2009).”