Beyond flowers: including non-floral resources in bee conservation schemes

By F. Requier, S. Leonhardt. Journal of Insect Conservation, 2020

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Bees in the trees: Diverse spring fauna in temperate forest edge canopies (2021, background): “And although temperate wind-pollinated species are usually discounted as bee resources, there is considerable anecdotal evidence that bees collect such pollen (reviewed in Saunders, 2018), and recent work further emphasizes the importance of trees for resins, honeydew, and other nonfloral resources ”
Nesting habitat of ground‐nesting bees: a review (2020, background): “…the primary food resources for ground-nesting bees, although some species also collect floral oils and resins (Michener, 2007), while nesting resources can include abiotic elements (water, mud), resin (used as a cell-lining in Trachusa spp.; Cane, 1981, 1996) or leaves (Requier & Leonhardt, 2020).”