Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways

By Takumi Kawasaki, Taro Kawai. Frontiers in Immunology, 2014

2,529 citations recorded by the source corpus.

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play crucial roles in the innate immune system by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns derived from various microbes. TLRs signal through the recruitment of specific adaptor molecules, leading to activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and IRFs, which dictate the outcome of innate immune responses. During the past decade, the precise mechanisms underlying TLR signaling have been clarified by various approaches involving genetic, biochemical, structural, cell biological, and bioinformatics studies. TLR signaling appears to be divergent and to play important roles in many aspects of the innate immune responses to given pathogens. In this review, we describe recent progress in our understanding of TLR signaling regulation and its contributions to host defense.

Subfields: Cancer Research, Immunology

View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/ec3c1f392bacdd47b47221082ecbd3aaf1bb33d3

How researchers see this paper

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In Cancer Research

1. Danyang Li
2. Antero Salminen
3. Minghua Wu
4. K. Kaarniranta
5. Wenshuai Wang
6. Anna Marie Pyle

In Immunology

1. Erin R Green
2. G. T. Nguyen
3. Liang Liu
4. Danyang Li
5. Qing-Wu Yang
6. Antero Salminen
7. Minghua Wu
8. Xiao-Yi Xiong

Citations in the corpus

• Functions and mechanisms of microglia/macrophages in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis after stroke. (2016, background): “pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites (Beutler, 2009; Kawasaki and Kawai, 2014).”
• Pattern recognition receptors in health and diseases (2021, background): “1).(55,56) Exploring the pattern recognition mechanisms of TLRs is very valuable for understanding innate immunity and some tumorigenesis mechanisms.”
• Neutrophils to the ROScue: Mechanisms of NADPH Oxidase Activation and Bacterial Resistance (2017, background): “Members of TLRs are present on the cell surface and intracellular endocytic compartments of PMNs (Kawasaki and Kawai, 2014).”
• Inflammation and its role in age-related macular degeneration (2016, background): “TLRs contain a ligand-sensing leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic Toll/IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, and the receptors function as either homo- or heterodimers [33, 36] (Fig.”