ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSES THAT CAUSE SUNBURN OF APPLE

By L. Schrader, J. Zhang, J. Sun. 2003

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Photosystem 2 is more tolerant to high temperature in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves than in fruit peel (2009, background): “Although the relative contribution of heat and light stresses to fruit sunburn is not yet fully understood, sunburn is caused by the interaction of high temperature and light (Schrader et al. 2003).”
Comparative effects of evaporative cooling, kaolin particle film, and shade net on sunburn and fruit quality in apples (2005, background): “…is the result of fine-tuning the system over three previous seasons to achieve adequate reductions of fruit surface temperatures below a 45 °C threshold (Schrader et al., 2003), without the detrimental effects on fruit quality resulting from overly wet soils (S.J.E. Wand, unpublished data).”
Sunburn of Apple Fruit: Historical Background, Recent Advances and Future Perspectives (2012, methodology): “Under field conditions, the surface area of apple fruit expands rapidly during the season and the FST of the sun-exposed surface can rise significantly above air temperature; Schrader et al. (2003b) reported differences between maximum air temperature and FST of up to 17◦C.”