Service marks as novel innovation indicator

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The Market Value of R&D, Patents and Trademarks (2011, unknown): “This scheme is rather crude compared to the International Patent Classification (IPC), which provides a detailed scheme to classify technologies (Schmoch, 2003).”
Measurement of innovation activities in the knowledge-intensive services industry: a trademark approach (2012, background): “…trademarking could signal innovative activity, prior investigations found a correlation between trademarks and productivity (Greenhalgh & Rogers, 2005) or stock market value (Greenhalgh & Rogers, 2007), as well as between trademarks and innovation (Amara, Landry, & Traore, 2008; Schmoch, 2003).”
Motives to patent: Empirical evidence from Germany (2006, background): “Third, patent strategies have changed and became more complex and comprehensive, leading to an expansion of patent applications (Schmoch, 2003).”
Are Trademark Counts a Valid Indicator of Innovation? Results of an In-Depth Study of New Benelux Trademarks Filed by SMEs (2014, background): “Previous papers all investigated the firm-level propensity to apply for trademarks (Schmoch, 2003; Graham, 2004; Malmberg, 2005; Heidenreich, 2009).”