Phenology of farmland floral resources reveals seasonal gaps in nectar availability for bumblebees
By T. Timberlake, I. Vaughan, J. Memmott. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2019
243 citations recorded by the source corpus.
1.Floral resources are known to be important in regulating wild pollinator populations and are therefore an important component of agri‐environment and restoration schemes which aim to support pollinators and their associated services. However, the phenology of floral resources is often overlooked in these schemes — a factor which may be limiting their success. 2.Our study characterizes and quantifies the phenology of nectar resources at the whole‐farm scale on replicate farms in Southwestern UK throughout the flowering season. We quantify the corresponding nectar demands of a subset of common wild pollinators (bumblebees) to compare nectar supply and pollinator demand throughout the year, thereby identifying periods of supply‐demand deficit. 3.We record strong seasonal fluctuations in farmland nectar supplies, with two main peaks of nectar production (May and July) and a considerable “June Gap” in between. March and August/September are also periods of low nectar availability. 4.Comparing the phenology of nectar supply with the phenology of bumblebee nectar demand reveals “hunger gaps” during March and much of August/September when supply is unlikely to meet demand. 5.Permanent pasture and woodland produced the greatest share of farmland nectar because of their large area; however, linear features such as hedgerows and field margins provided the greatest nectar per unit area. Fifty percent of total nectar was supplied by just three species (Allium ursinum, Cirsium arvense and Trifolium repens), but some less productive species (e.g. Hedera helix and Taraxacum agg.) were important in ensuring phenological continuity of nectar supply. 6.Synthesis and applications. By comparing the phenology of farmland nectar supply with the phenology of pollinator demand, we demonstrate that the timing of nectar supply may be as important as total nectar production in limiting farmland pollinator populations. Considering phenology in the design of agri‐environment or restoration schemes is therefore likely to improve their suitability for pollinators. Plant species which flower during periods of resource deficit (early spring and late summer) should be prioritized in schemes which aim to conserve or restore pollinator populations. Maintaining a range of semi‐natural habitats with complementary flowering phenologies (e.g. woodland, hedgerows and field margins) will ensure a more continuous supply of nectar on farmland, thereby supporting pollinators for their entire flight season.
Subfields: Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Insect Science, Plant Science
View Paper: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/eb930ab00d698b529a1293915ae68e0eec16af8b
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Citations in the corpus
- Opportunities to enhance pollinator biodiversity in solar parks (2021, background): “For example, farmland nectar supplies can change throughout the season and one article reported peaks in May and July and periods of lower availability in March, June, August and September on four farms in the UK [112].”
- Quantifying nectar production by flowering plants in urban and rural landscapes (2021, unknown): “…Matteson & Langellotto, 2011), although their prevalence in urban areas could drive changes in pollinator community composition (Seitz et al., 2020; Urbanowicz et al., 2020; Wenzel et al., 2020) and further research into nectar chemistry is needed to establish whether non-natives provide nectar of…”